Concepts Of Absolute And Comparative Advantage Free Essays

Let us take a case of two ranchers who are delivering a similar sort of wares, which are ground nuts and maize, from a similar size of homesteads. In the event that the two ranchers choose to commit every one of their endeavors in creating maize, their homestead yields will be as per the following: rancher A †600 sacks; and rancher B †200 packs. In the event that they dispense their assets well and produce ground nuts, their yield will be as per the following: rancher A †300 sacks, and rancher B †200 packs. We will compose a custom paper test on Ideas Of Absolute And Comparative Advantage or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now We can say that that rancher An appreciates total bit of leeway in delivering both maize and groundnuts than rancher B. The two ranchers can anyway still profit by one another through specialization and item trade. Rancher A has a near bit of leeway in delivering maize while rancher B has relative favorable position in creating groundnuts because of chance expense of creation in the two homesteads. In light of current financial conditions, make one contention for greater government contribution in the economy and one contention for less government association in the economy. For some legislatures, association in their particular economies is significant. This is on the grounds that the legislatures can guarantee that makers are not misused because of absence of market for their items in by improving exchange with different nations. The legislatures will in this way get prepared markets for that item in different nations, subsequently advancing the economy in their nations of origin. In addition, administrative association in their countries’ economies is significant in light of the fact that it can guarantee that business exercises are controlled for a free undertaking and rivalry. Governments may likewise battle debasement in private parts to guarantee that purchasers are not abused by the enormous makers and restraining infrastructures. Decreasing negligible utility clarifies a great deal about human conduct. For instance, it enlightens why diets fall flat, sentiments blur, a lot of activity hurts us, and numerous different things. Select a human conduct and develop a â€Å"mini case study† that features the operations of peripheral utility. Take a model one being parched and as opposed to drinking water, choosing to go to a close by stand or shop to drink a cool pop. The main soft drink they get might be awesome or inviting until they choose to take another. For the main soft drink taking, on a size of ten, the individual can even score ten out of ten. For the subsequent pop, since they have by one way or another extinguished their thirst, they can score five out of ten. On the off chance that they keep on taking another pop, they can even not finish it and now score two out of ten. Peruse the LAST Word piece â€Å"Financing Social Security† recorded underneath. Of the elective ways to deal with fixing standardized savings, which do you think bodes well, and why? As a major aspect of your answer locate an ongoing (not exactly a year old) article regarding the matter and refer to it. The methodology that bodes well is contributing the finance burdens through close to home retirement account. This methodology is significant in light of the fact that it can improve the way of life of representatives later on after they have resigned from work. Representatives will have the option to appropriately structure their earnings other than being permitted to get utilized in future to any need during their season of retirement. They may consequently either go into business or incase of death emerges; they can leave those assets for their families. A bit of leeway of utilizing this methodology is that new workers, who will maybe be acquiring low livelihoods when contrasted with the old representatives, should contribute less duties toward the security finance. They will anyway keep expanding their settlements as their finance will keep on ascending. Those assets should likewise be deducted for the duration of one’s life until they resign from your activity. Individuals will in this manner begin getting the advantages of that conspire, or if there should be an occurrence of they kick the bucket, their companions or dependants can appreciate that advantage. Another significance is that laborers of any pay level are permitted to add to this plan and construct retirement funds for their families. Individual retirement accounts are deliberate and youthful laborers have a chance to open and proceed with them for future advantages which could be a value an adequate aggregate of cash. The most effective method to refer to Concepts Of Absolute And Comparative Advantage, Papers

Attachment in the United States and Amae in Japan Essay

Culture empowers individuals to change in accordance with their physical just as social condition. Culture empowers the citizenry to create methods of adapting to the exigencies of nature just as methods of outfitting their condition. Individuals likewise need to figure out how to relate themselves with others so as to endure. As Schwartz (1998:48) brought up, the way of life of any general public speaks to an adjustment or change in accordance with the different states of life, including their physical, social, and heavenly condition. No culture is totally static. Each culture is in steady transition; and the progressions speak to changes in accordance with nature. Culture changes at various rates. The progressions happen because of revelations, developments, and social getting. In certain zones, control of the common habitat has been sought after to a point that the general public has gotten jeopardized. Common assets, for example, waterways, backwoods, plant and creature life and minerals, have been misused to such an extent that the earth is near pulverization. The acknowledgment of progress relies upon the introduction of the citizenry to new thoughts and ways not quite the same as their own and their chance to acknowledge thoughts and courses through dissemination. US and Japan are having a place with various mainlands, areas and have distinctive arrangement of individuals; be that as it may, these two nations have similitudes somehow or another. Its kin adjust and practice various societies. Its way of life shapes the practices and qualities of its kin that will make them observable that these gatherings of individuals are originated from United States and Japan. Proposal Statement: This examination will direct a multifaceted brain science correlation of Attachment in the United States and Amae in Japan; in this manner, portrays its capacities, likenesses and contrasts. II. Conversation A. Its way of life, likenesses and contrasts o United States There are a great deal of gatherings of individuals that dwell in United States; whites made up 83. 2 percent of the populaces; blacks 11. 7 percent; American Indians, Eskimos, and Aleuts 0. 6 percent; Asian and Pacific Islanders 1. 5 percent; and different nonwhites 3. 0 percent. The nonwhite bunches are packed in different pieces of the nation. Opportunity in issues of training and the privilege of each kid to have instruction are essential standards in the United States. In contrast to numerous different countries, the United States doesn't have a focal or government arrangement of instruction, Establishing and directing government funded schools is one of the forces practiced by each state (Fritsch, 2001). The state, thusly, assigns a lot of this obligation to neighborhood school locale. Proficiency in the United States is high simply like in Japan. In contrast with Japan (which just has two significant religions), no other nation on the planet has a more prominent assortment of religions, fellowships, groups, and factions than the United States. In excess of 220 strict bodies report enrollment figures. About all parts of Christianity and practically all Protestant groups are spoken to. Japan and United States has similar perspectives with regards to religion (Katzman, 2003). The United States likewise accept that strict opportunity and partition of chapel and state ought to be made. Government can't meddle with religion or show inclination for one religion over another. It can't set up an authority, or built up, chapel, nor offer help to any religion or to all religions. In the beginning of the republic, United States specialists and scholars were for the most part viewed as second rate compared to those in Europe. Be the finish of the nineteenth century, be that as it may, an autonomous national writing of high caliber had been built up by eminent journalists (O’Neill, 2004). Music in the United States was firmly impacted by European music, and study in Europe was viewed as a fundamental piece of melodic preparing far into the twentieth century. America’s most compelling commitment to music was jazz, a structure began by blacks and dependent on African rhythms. The melodic which developed from vaudeville and operetta, was another American advancement. For a long time, planners in the United States just adjusted European styles to American atmosphere, scene, and materials. The great monetary position and measure of relaxation delighted in by the individuals of the United States give them uncommon open doors for diversion. Paid get-aways turned into the standard for generally modern and office laborers. The most well known open air observer sports are football and baseball. Pony hustling and vehicle dashing have enormous followings (Kurelek, 2005). o Japan The Japanese individuals are to a great extent of Mongoloid stock, yet little is thought about their particular birthplace. Progressive gatherings of relocating Asians from the terrain are accepted to have chosen the islands some time before 300 A. D. Standing up to them were the islands’ soonest known inhabitants†the Ainus, a Japanese people have created from the blending of these distinctive ethnic gatherings. Just two or three hundred full-blooded Ainus stay, on Hokkaido. Japanese culture is mostly of Chinese starting point and incompletely indigenous, for the Japanese adjusted and didn't only emulate the way of life of the terrain. Since the center of the nineteenth century, Japan has been impacted more by the way of life of Western nations than by that of its neighbors (Morton, 2004). Reception of numerous Western ways delivered sharp complexities between the new and the old. Structures and apparel, for instance, are presently observed in both conventional and Western styles. Among powers that have assisted with trim the Japanese character are Buddhist, Shinto, and Confucian strict convictions, the impacts of a long medieval period, and the impacts of the Japanese mechanical insurgency. With industrialization came a change from provincial to urban living. American impacts have been especially solid since World War II (Smith, 2005). In addition, its craft has been unequivocally impacted too by Chinese workmanship. From the territory came the strategy of ink painting on silk and the Buddhist impacts in model and painting. Prospering all through Japan are no, old style plays in which the on-screen characters wear veils delineating their character; bunraku, manikin plays; and kabuki, dramatization with adapted reciting and moving. A significant piece of Japanese culture is the tea service, a profoundly formal custom, of which there are numerous varieties. As a method of engaging visitors, it is viewed as the best articulation of conventional decorum. A portion of the conventional artsâ€especially old style Japanese music and move and the tea ceremonyâ€are part of the collection of geisha, female performers who perform for gatherings of men. Moreover, the family is a conventional and solid establishment in Japan. It has a conventional structure with power vested in the male leader of the family. The spouse is relied upon to be compliant. Kids learn discipline and their particular jobs in the family at an early age. Children are given inclination over little girls, and the oldest child is better than all others (Elkin, 2004). Be that as it may, huge numbers of the more abusive parts of the family, for example, that of guardians deciding relationships, have debilitated since World War II. Japanese homes are noted for their straightforwardness. Almost all are worked of wood. In numerous homes, paper-secured wooden casings, called shoji, are utilized for windows and entryways. Being light and effortlessly moved, they permit a significant part of the house to be opened to the out-of-entryways. A few homes are bordered via finished nurseries. Rooms for the most part have thick tangles, called tatami, on the floor and almost no furnishings (Elkin, 2004). With respect to Japanese language and religion, the Japanese language is irrelevant to other Oriental tongues. In any case, it is written in characters that initially adjusted from Chinese composition. Moreover, as in the United States, the Japanese constitution accommodates opportunity of religion and partition of chapel and state. The two significant religions are Shinto and Buddhism. Numerous Japanese follow, in fluctuating degrees, to both. With respect to their instruction, six years basic training and three of lower optional school are free and necessary for youngsters 6 to 15 years old. At the three-year upper auxiliary schools, educational cost is charged. Training in Japan is exceptionally serious, and admission to upper auxiliary school and to school is controlled by thorough placement test. Subsequently, numerous Japanese kids spend their after-school hours going to jukas, â€Å"cram† schools that represent considerable authority in getting ready understudies for selection tests and other school tests. Japan has for all intents and purposes no absence of education (Christopher, 2003). III. All in all, as I study the two unique societies, I have understood that United States and Japan have a few likenesses with regards to their inception. Japan was most impacted by the Westerners and its beginning was contributed by different indigenous gatherings as is with United States. Everything that we can see from the Japanese and American culture are now been changed by different impacts. Nonetheless, notwithstanding the solid adjustment of various culture, Japanese remained their being family-situated. They esteem the pith of having a unified family; in this way, an all around organized family job is framed with the goal that every part can have its capacity. Dissimilar to with the United States, it is especially affected by the European pilgrims and based their abilities in European nations. Its way of life is increasingly centered around its improvement to the degree that inward capabilities are endured. I would state that Japanese culture is heavenly contrasted with United States since Japan can keep up their customary courses despite financial turn of events. Reference: 1. Fritsch, A. J. (2001). The Ethnic Atlas of the United States (Facts on File). 2. Katzman, D. M. (2003). Plain Folks: the Life Stories of Undistinguished Americans (University of Illinois). 3. O’Neill, Thomas. (2003). Byways America: a Portfolio of Her People (National G

CPW, via Video

CPW, via Video For those of you who couldnt make it to campus for CPW, here is a video recap of much that occurred! I hope this is helpful =) And for those of you who attended CPW it was great to meet you! Here are the videos, compiled from the great people at MIT TechTV and (of course) YouTube. Presidents Welcome Faculty Keynote Lecture This was the official CPW Welcome, including speeches by Dean of Admissions Stu Schmill, President Susan Hockfield, and an awesome keynote address by Amy Smith. Its long, but worth watching! Click To Play The CPW Festival The Festival occurred Thursday night, after the Student Welcome. Dozens of student groups offered activities ranging from 24 Jenga to big screen DDR to a liquid nitrogen ice cream extravaganza. It was really fun! Click To Play Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP) Panel Discussion (with special panelist Melis 08!) Click To Play Marching Band performs for President Hockfield You may have already seen Snivelys entry covering this 21: Bringing Down Next House blackjack event The Next House dormitory hosted some of the members of the famed MIT Blackjack Team on Saturday night, including a panel (first video, discussing their scariest moment while on the team) and a member who gave a card counting tutorial (second video). Interviews with Liz 12 and Andy 12 On the third day of CPW, Bryan 07 interviewed some students about their experiences so far. Click To Play Click To Play CPW Closing Ceremony: MIT Logs The Closing kicked off with this a capella performance from the Logarhythms. CPW Closing Ceremony: MIT Chorallaries The Chorallaries performed CPW Closing Ceremony: Jacob Sharpe 11 For my money, Jacobs juggling act was the highlight of the closing sadly, we dont have video of it, but heres another video with Jacobs act, at the Festival Mondial du Cirque De Demain (The Worldwide Festival of the Circus of Tomorrow) in Paris. Surprise fact: as in this video, Jacob was originally scheduled to perform with his equally talented and brilliant brother Nate 09, but Nate had a track meet. The Shapre Brothers are quite a duo I hope that gives you a flavor of the CPW that was

CPW, via Video

CPW, via Video For those of you who couldnt make it to campus for CPW, here is a video recap of much that occurred! I hope this is helpful =) And for those of you who attended CPW it was great to meet you! Here are the videos, compiled from the great people at MIT TechTV and (of course) YouTube. Presidents Welcome Faculty Keynote Lecture This was the official CPW Welcome, including speeches by Dean of Admissions Stu Schmill, President Susan Hockfield, and an awesome keynote address by Amy Smith. Its long, but worth watching! Click To Play The CPW Festival The Festival occurred Thursday night, after the Student Welcome. Dozens of student groups offered activities ranging from 24 Jenga to big screen DDR to a liquid nitrogen ice cream extravaganza. It was really fun! Click To Play Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP) Panel Discussion (with special panelist Melis 08!) Click To Play Marching Band performs for President Hockfield You may have already seen Snivelys entry covering this 21: Bringing Down Next House blackjack event The Next House dormitory hosted some of the members of the famed MIT Blackjack Team on Saturday night, including a panel (first video, discussing their scariest moment while on the team) and a member who gave a card counting tutorial (second video). Interviews with Liz 12 and Andy 12 On the third day of CPW, Bryan 07 interviewed some students about their experiences so far. Click To Play Click To Play CPW Closing Ceremony: MIT Logs The Closing kicked off with this a capella performance from the Logarhythms. CPW Closing Ceremony: MIT Chorallaries The Chorallaries performed CPW Closing Ceremony: Jacob Sharpe 11 For my money, Jacobs juggling act was the highlight of the closing sadly, we dont have video of it, but heres another video with Jacobs act, at the Festival Mondial du Cirque De Demain (The Worldwide Festival of the Circus of Tomorrow) in Paris. Surprise fact: as in this video, Jacob was originally scheduled to perform with his equally talented and brilliant brother Nate 09, but Nate had a track meet. The Shapre Brothers are quite a duo I hope that gives you a flavor of the CPW that was

Personal Economic Decisions - 1455 Words

Running Head: Personal Economic Decisions Personal Economic Decisions How People Make Economic Decisions People make economic decisions on a daily basis, from choosing to go to the grocery store and cook dinner or going out to eat. While in the general scheme of things this is a relatively small decision to make it still can have impact on the economy. Yet a decision for a family to have a child is more of a major decision and has far more of an impact on the economy then a dinner decision. There are four basic principles to economic decision making and in the following I will list and explain these. I will also provide and an example of a decision that I have made in my personal experiences and what impact that has had or could have had†¦show more content†¦It is a definite tie in to the previous principle as most consumers are looking to get the most for the least. Restaurants are starting to use promotions of smaller portions for smaller prices in order to compete with the growing money saving tight budgeted crowd. Mankiw (2007) provides a great example of this by stating à ¢â‚¬Å"For example, when the price of an apple rises, people decide to eat more pears and fewer apples because the cost of buying an apple is higher. At the same time, apple orchards decide to hire more workers and harvest more apples because the benefit of selling an apple is also higher. As we will see, the effect of a good’s price on the behavior of buyers and sellers in a market—in this case, the market for apples—is crucial for understanding how the economy allocates scarce resources.† (p. 7) Personal Economic Decision When I made the decision recently to purchase a new car, I was forced to evaluate the cost versus the benefits in order to make the most economically sound decision I could. My current car at the time was costing a significant amount in repairs and due to the age of the car was not the most gas efficient car that I could have. The warranty of the car was just about up and it seemed that most of the issues I was having with the car at the time were not covered under warranty. The major plus of the car is that I did own the title, there was no car payment needed. The biggest cost comparison was the cost I was having with my currentShow MoreRelatedThe World Is Becoming More Complex Day By Day Essay1128 Words   |  5 Pagescomplex day by day.so when we take any decision it must influences other factors. We take different policy or decision everyday by considering many sites or situation and which has a specific goal or vision. Just like that recently Banglad eshgovernment introduces SIM(subscriber identification module) re-verification through fingerprint which is called biometric SIM re-verification.It’s not an isolated decision or policy, behind it-government has some personal interest or benefits. Definition of politicalRead MoreField Study884 Words   |  4 PagesHOME ECONOMICS: AN INSTRUMENT TO THE FUTURE LIFE OF STUDENTS Home Economics is the profession and field of study that deals with the economics and management of the home and community. Home economics is a field of formal study including such topics as consumer education, institutional management, interior design, home furnishing, cleaning, handicrafts, sewing, clothing and textiles, cooking, nutrition, food preservation, hygiene, child development, and family relationships. It prepares studentsRead MoreInequality And Violence During The United States943 Words   |  4 Pagesof violence in the author s opinion, they are worrying. Violence is closely linked to economic inequalities, ethnic or gender caused in most cases by a capitalist and militarist system exacerbated. It is not a violent act placing toxic waste in minority communities or expose the humblest workers to harmful conditions for their health and that of your family? In America it is given more priority to economic violence to peace, â€Å"over 80 percent of the U.S. population is in the bottom four categories-Read MorePursuing A Career As A Financial Planner Essay1652 Words   |  7 Pagesin Field) According to O*Net Online these are 8 common requirements to becoming a financial planner. 1. Customer and Personal Service Information of standards and procedures for giving client and individual administrations. This incorporates client needs appraisal, meeting quality models for administrations, and assessment of consumer loyalty. 2. Economics and Accounting Learning of monetary and bookkeeping standards and practices, the money related markets, managing an account andRead MoreEssay on Personal Philosophy of Nursing707 Words   |  3 PagesPersonal Philosophy of Nursing Melissa L. Fielding University Of Phoenix Personal Philosophy of Nursing A definition of a Philosophy is â€Å"when someone contemplates, or wonders, about something that serves as the blueprints or guides that incorporates each individual’s value and belief system.† (Chitty Black, 2007, p. 318) Personal Philosophy of Nursing is the core values and beliefs that a nurse upholds when taking care of another human being. It is the belief that each individual noRead MoreBusiness Judgment Rule : Something Should Be Change1301 Words   |  6 Pagesserved for decades as the most important protection against personal liability for directors and officers. And it also has been criticized frequently as providing too much protection for the directors and officers of corporations. It is the time for some changes to be made to business judgment rule. A: Economic Environment Changes The business judgment rule is designed to prevent courts from second-guessing the quality of a decision, which made by directors and officers. Because the modernRead MoreTen Principles Of Economics And The Data Of Macroeconomics Essay1216 Words   |  5 PagesTen Principles of Economics and the Data of Macroeconomics Mankiw explains that economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources. And, how the combined choices of millions of households and firms determine how those resources are allocated. To understand these complex concepts, economists must study how people make decisions, how people interact with other people, and the forces and trends that affect the entire economy (p. 16). To do so, economists assume many roles. EconomistsRead MoreWomen Empowerment Through Self Help Groups Essay1601 Words   |  7 Pagesprocess that helps people gain control over their own lives, communities and society. It is also a process, which enables one to realise his or her identity and power in all aspects of life. Empowerment occurs within, the factors- social, economic, political, personal, familial, and cultural at various spheres. Empowering women puts the spotlight on equality in education, employment which is an essential element to sustainable development. This paper looks at the literature around the various studiesRead MoreEssay on Politics in America1006 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica There are many important decisions made every day in this country. Most Americans do not know about half of these decisions. There is no need for the average adult to know all the decisions that happen every day because he can not be trusted to make the majority of the decisions. However, there are certain aspects of life where the average man is worthy of making decisions for himself. Economically, the average man can make educated decisions because it directly involves his immediateRead MoreValue And Its Influence On People s Living1533 Words   |  7 Pagesthe other hand, values determine every life decision that people makes (Determine the true purpose of money in your life, 2016). Value is the monetary worth of something, which has great influence on indivudual’s behavior and attitude. When a purchase decision is made, it involves a value calculation. In general, value is measured by price. But the price does not really reflect the true value. The most common value is economic value. Beside economic value, there are cultural value and social value

The Causes Of Poverty With Special Focus On India

Recently, a girl living in the Himalayas ended her life due to severe poverty. Poverty is one of the leading causes of death among people in developing countries. Poverty is defined by lack of the basic necessities to live such as food, water and shelter. Did you know over 3 billion people live on less than $2.50 a day, which is 43% of the world’s population i.e almost half (worldbank). Poverty is caused by a variety of things including overpopulation, lack of education, environmental degradation and economic factors. The following essay goes in depth on the various causes of poverty with special focus on India. Political influences in India such as income inequality, globalization, capitalism and corruption are major causes of poverty. Income inequality occurs when there is a big difference between the rich and poor. This occurs partially because of globalization because big companies like Wal-mart and Joe fresh have sweatshops located in India where they pay their workers very little for tough jobs accompanied with very poor working conditions. These wages are simply not enough for the workers, they are not able to put food on the table at the end of the day after putting so much effort into a job. The Guardian finds that more than 20% of India’s econmy depends on children which equals 55 million young individual under the age of 14. These third world countries are influenced by capitalist countries causing big corporations to make poor countries even poorer. TheseShow MoreRelatedDifferent Solutions to Poverty in Urban Areas1357 Words   |  6 PagesDifferent solutions to poverty in urban areas 1. Introduction: Poverty can be defined in two ways, which are absolute poverty and relative poverty. In terms of absolute poverty, Murray (2004:2) suggests that the lack of an adequate income and cannot gain access to basic necessities to provide for basic human needs-food, clothing, warmth and shelter- are a clear indication of poverty. In a relative way, there was an assumption that a certain standard of living was normal, and that those living belowRead MoreCauses Of Child Labour1235 Words   |  5 PagesPrevents children from going to school. †¢ Uses children to undermine labour standards. CAUSES OF CHILD LABOUR For much of human history and across different cultures, children less than 17 years old have contributed to family welfare in a variety of ways. There are various reasons which lead to child labour. Some of the important reasons are as follows: †¢ POVERTY:  UNICEF suggests that poverty is a big cause for child labour. The report also notes that in rural and impoverished parts of developingRead MoreImproving The Standard Of Gross Domestic Product1201 Words   |  5 PagesTo keep the economy running smoothly, to maintain price stability and to alleviate poverty are the main goals for formulating policies around the world. The experiences of every country are various as different patterns of economic development. Although it is widely accepted that the reduction of poverty accompanies the economic growth of a country, which encourages many countries, especially some developing countries, to concentrate on improving the standard of gross domestic product (GDP), it isRead MoreThe Construction Of The British Indian Urban Scene1448 Words   |  6 PagesThere were cities in India since ancient times which were commonly known for power and trading activities. villages were self- sufficient at that times. So the rate of migr ation was very low. But due to degradation in village agrarian system, old chains began to break and process of migration to cities started in search of livelihoods. The nature of urbanization process changed with the arrival of the British East India Company. The major contributions of the British to the Indian urban scene were:Read MoreCsr : Csr Into Business Models1291 Words   |  6 Pagessociety at large. There are many ways business to incorporate CSR into business models. In this essay I will describe how businesses can incorporate CSR into their business models by providing good working conditions for their employees, reducing poverty and unemployment, donating to charities, and investing in education and the environment. To begin with, in recent years CSR has become important part of business. Business can provide great work condition to employees and their family by utilisingRead MoreThe Effect Of Tnf Monoclonal Antibody On Children And Resource Poor Communities Essay1740 Words   |  7 Pagespeople who are young or elderly tend to be weaker than those of healthy adults. * Malnutrion- (Low body weight 10% or more below average) Tuberculosis is closely linked to both overcrowding and malnutrition, making it one of the principal diseases of poverty. Those at high risk thus include: people who inject illicit drugs, inhabitants and employees of locales where vulnerable people gather (e.g. prisons and homeless shelters), medically underprivileged and resource-poor communities, high-risk ethnicRead MoreAmerican Charity Organizations : America s Stand Point On The Ordeal1290 Words   |  6 Pagesfully comprehend the growing lack of jobs, poverty, hunger, poor health care, and meager education that takes place across the nation. American charity foundations are often eager to jump to the rescue of other countries, but what about the detrimental issues that occur and worsen here every day? In the past, the majority of organizations are predominantly directed at foreign countries; helping places such as Ethiopia, India, Somalia, etc. While here, poverty and d ebt are increasing by surmountableRead MoreViolence Against Women In India1556 Words   |  7 Pagesdestabilized and powerless . In India patriarchy and gender discrimination are the main reasons of violence perperiated against women and girls. Violence against women is a global issue; it’s a stigma on civilized society which is compelling intellectuals to focus on this alarming situation. So many laws are introduced day by day to eradicate the problem but it is not so easy to overcome it without awakening of society. In this paper an attempt has been made to analyze the causes and its impact on victimRead MoreAmerica s Stand Point On The Ordeal1565 Words   |  7 Pagesfully comprehend the growing lack of jobs, poverty, hunger, poor health care, and meager education that takes place across the nation. American charity foundations are often eager to jump to the rescue of other countries, but what about the detrimental issues that occur and worsen here every day? In the past , the majority of organizations are predominantly directed at foreign countries; helping places such as Ethiopia, India, Somalia, etc. While here, poverty and debt are increasing by surmountableRead MoreOverpopulation Essay1193 Words   |  5 PagesCritics argue that instead of allowing poverty to persist, it is important to limit our number of poor people (The Population Explosion: Causes and Consequences). Population growth around the world is not equally distributed. Between 1750 and 1950, the population explosion began in Europe and America. After 1950, a much larger population explosion started to take place in Asia, Latin America and Africa. More than 1.3 billion live in China and 1.2 billion in India, together making up more than one third

Where to Find Help Term Paper Writing

Where to Find Help Term Paper Writing A great deal of prior Term Paper is needed by the student to compose the Term Paper properly. Term paper research methodology is quite critical for the students as a way to compose a high excellent term paper assignment that could fetch the high score. Term papers are long assignments which are usually offered at the launch of a semester or term and they're predicted to be due by the close of the semester when they ought to be submitted for evaluation. Writing Term Papers properly cannot be carried out in one day, it takes a good period of time and effort to compose a proper Term Paper. Term papers are demanding and most students wind up scoring bad grades because of numerous reasons. Students frequently don't find out how to increase their grades. As a result, they end up submitting low quality term papers that may even be plagiarized. Many students feel lost when it regards academic term papers. To begin with, your topic ought to be really narrow. Learn what terminologies are appropriate for your topic and learn to use them. After the topic is chosen, don't hesitate to go ahead! Your topic should attempt to reach a balance between interesting and effortless. If you take advantage of a source, don't hesitate to paraphrase it or make an in-text citation in agreement with the essential academic format. Research extensively and make sure that you have all of the relevant details. Get familiar with the topic and instructions to ensure that you understand what your instructor expects from you. Based on your topic you might want to depend on the scientific r eport style or literature review styles, or a mixture of the two. If you're thinking that you require someone to compose my essay at this time, you can just rely on our honest reviews. If you read plenty of books, it's terrific! There's no need to try to find a particular type of article. You have to look for the idea before you discover this, and before you search for it you have to compose some stuff. Apart from the job of writing term papers you may also seek the guidance of Singapore Assignment Help experts in different kinds of assignments too. Singapore Assignment Help will guide your perfectly for every form of assignment. So never neglect to look for support from these types of professionals of Singapore Assignment Help. Keep in mind your purpose is to get acquainted with the numerous facets of your problem. If you wish to write a distinctive research paper, you can't recycle research topics which were used by plenty of individuals. Though it wasn't created for a specific discipline, it's popular in philosophy and history. All our experts specialize in various disciplines. The Debate Over Help Term Paper Writing There are a number of internet guides which can help you format your paper perfectly. Your ending section shouldn't be difficult to write once the remainder of the paper is finished. If you produce a good outline for your term paper, you will see that the paper actually just writes itself. Don't hesitate to specify a personal deadline for the several phases of your paper. The Do's and Don'ts of Help Term Paper Writing Make certain you cite the source for each sentence you write. If you're not familiarized with a specific format, you can buy books on the format you will need to use. Last, make a reference list for those sources which you have cited in your paper. Make certain you write something associated with your term paper each day, even if it's only notes for the title. Life After Help Term Paper Writing Well if yo u're going to compose a thesis on sales a marketing, then here's what you shouldn't do to receive it right! It's extremely important to read carefully essay services reviews, because you would like to steer clear of low superior services. Our detailed term paper writing guide gives you tips that will help you to organize and prepare your work and achieve great academic outcomes. As a term paper is usually the end result of a term's worth of research, with any luck you'll have a very good assortment of notes and data available. What You Should Do to Find Out About Help Term Paper Writing Before You're Left Behind You could use the site for a resource, how interesting. For some of them you will require help, while others you're able to write all on your own. Most universities will provide you with an `athens' password that is a magical key unlocking thousands of research databases throughout the world. The APA style is quite popular in geography and company courses. Give it a chance and stick to the steps and you will notice how simple term paper writing can be! The coming of the paper must also hold the thesis statement and will need to get kept comprehensive yet concise. To write a correct term paper an individual will want to be patient and hardworking. The format you select for the research paper is dependent on your professor's requirements.

Management of Obesity free essay sample

Taking this into consideration I have sourced my information with the use of secondary research methods, thus meaning the summary and synthesis of existing research already available to me via published articles, books and other relevant resources. As you will see as you read on the value of knowledge and evidence to professional practise is critical. The main reason why you need to base your professional practice on the best available evidence is explained by Aveyard and Sharp (2009, p6), â€Å" t enables us to deliver the best possible patient/client care rather than out of date practice’’. Aveyard and Sharp (2009, p7) goes on to say that â€Å"evidence based practice is practice that is supported by clear reasoning, taking into account the patient or clients preferences using your own judgement†. This description is backed up by Sackett et al (1996, p71-72) who described EBP as, â€Å"the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patient/clients†. Gray (1997,p9) emphasized a focus on patient values describing EBP as , â€Å"an approach to decision making in which the clinician uses the best evidence available in consultation with the patient, to decide upon the option which suits the patient best. The NMC code of Conduct (2008) foregrounds the importance of evidence based practice in professional development and requires that all nurses should be accomplished in practicing evidence based care. After reading various journal articles and books on EBP I have discovered that it is about integrating individual clinical expertise, for example your own proficiency and expertise, along with the best external evidence and also taking in mind the best interests for the patient. It is of high importance to use current best evidence, according to Greenhalgh and Donald (2000) without current best evidence, â€Å"practise risks becoming rapidly out of date, to the detriment of the patients†. Ultimately EBP is the formalization of the care process that the best clinicians have practiced for generations. The contribution of EBP to clinical practice is the delivery of high quality, cost effective and quality care (Aveyard and Sharp, 2009). Challenges surrounding EBP are a nurses experience, for example new nurses may be a little anxious of their new surroundings and unable to utilize all their newly learnt skills. According to Ferguson and Day (2007), â€Å"access to evidence in nursing practice is often challenging due to time constraints, difficulties in interpreting the disparate research reports on particular issues, or lack of up-to-date print-based resources or Internet connections on nursing units†. The main tool applied during my research process was Library Gateway which can be accessed via Shu space. Library Gateway enables you to access a large number of information resources and search tools. The main resource I used is Library Search, which can find results from books, full text journals and many other sources, and return them in one integrated list. The other Gateway tools include Subject Guides, help pages for referencing, the Video, Images and Audio guide and a list of subject databases. Textbooks provide good background information and offer an excellent starting point for more in-depth research, the information provided is not normally rapidly changing and it must be remembered that it may be out of date. Journal articles contain current information and research. They provide detailed reports of the methodology and results of laboratory research, case series reports, clinical trials, program evaluation, and other kinds of research studies. Journal articles focus on finding solutions to specific health care problems. The Internet is not always the best place to look for professional-level information. While it can be easily searched and you get a lot of what you find in full-text, the quality of the health care information found can be questionable. It is important to look at trusted authorities online, however the internet can be useful for looking into a patient’s perspective, for example a patient may explain their worries and experiences in an online chat forum which is always an interesting insight. The tables that follow details the databases used and the search criteria applied. Each database offers a different value of evidence. It is important to consider the following factors when looking t text documents regardless whether it a book, journal, article or online.. Who wrote it, why it was written and when it was produced (SHU 2012). Once you have found a source that is deemed suitable it is then important to consider if the study was original, was the design of the study sensible, has systematic bias been avoided or minimised, was assessment ‘blind’, w ere preliminary statistical questions addressed (Greenhalgh, 2010). After summing up these points the methodological quality will have been accurately assessed and providing no flaws or faults are found it can be deemed accurate and reliable information. Table 1. Databases used; Database| Details| SHU Library Search| SHU Library Search searches for academic journal and newspaper articles, books,videos, maps and much more from a single search bar. It searches the SHU library catalogue, full text journals and other linked databases. It is limited to content subscribed to by SHU. | Internurse| Internurse is the online archive of peer reviewed nursing articles published by MA healthcare Ltd. It draws together articles from 13 high quality journals. | Table 2. Search Strategy; Database| Keywords| Rationale| Criteria| No. of results| Search terms used in Library Search and Internurse| Nurs* AND manag* AND obes*| The word nurse/nurses/nursing and manage/managing/management and obese/obesity| 2008 to 2012English languageNo country specified. Type of publication: Peer reviewed journals and books | 32| You can search as far back as 2004 using Inter-nurse. For the chosen subject area I decided to concentrate my research more specifically on more recent research as I found I was bombarded with information when I looked as far back as 2004. This has allowed me to look at more recent publications which I feel is highly important in a profession where health care routines are often being changed and improved. Once I had narrowed down the search I was able to pick journals, articles and books which I felt where most appropriate by reading the abstract to get a more in depth overview of what would be best for my topic. Obesity can lead to the onset of several complications, which with the intervention of nurses could be prevented, these complications are highlighted in appendix 2. Maggi Banning (2005) states that there is an ever increasing need for the evolvement of a nursing role as an obesity nurse specialist. She claims the nursing profession needs to step up and prepare for obesity management. The National Obesity Forum provides an ‘Obesity Care Pathway Toolkit’. It strengthens the need for the use of EBP by claiming weight management should ‘. be based on best evidence, where ever possible’. It also states the following, â€Å"It is essential that services be developed in consultation with the users and people who will be delivering them, working together as a multi-disciplinary group. Training on weight management control, healthy eating and increasing physical activity to health professionals is necessary to ensure consistent, accurate and up to date messages are given to patients at all times. Currently, very few NHS weight management services are monitored or audited, this will be a must in the future and needs to be built in at the planning stage. The feedback will result in improved services to patients. † Changes in eating habits and activity levels are thought to lie at the heart of obesity (Wadden et al, 2002). As a nurse will get to see their patients everyday it is the ideal opportunity for them to advise patients on healthy eating and provide encouragement for increased levels of activity. Drummond (2002) identified that communication between the nurse and patient is important as some patients may be self conscious or body-conscious. For example certain terms should be avoided such as ‘sport’ or ‘exercise’ which may have negative associations for patients, a higher level of activity and ‘avoiding sedentary pursuits should be emphasised’. Body weight is considered a sensitive issue for most people so it is vital that healthcare professionals handle the subject of weight loss with sensitivity. Crogan (2006) emphasized that it is important that nurses establish an open approach to communication when addressing issues relating to obesity. I feel a multi-component intervention would be the best way for nurses to manage obesity. It should include behaviour change strategies to increase peoples physical activity levels or to decrease inactivity levels, improve eating behaviour and the quality of the persons diet and aim to reduce energy intake. According to (Sheehan and Yin, 2006) nurses constitute a political force in health policy, because they are situated in a wide range of settings. This is backed up by Bennett 2007 who states, ‘Nurses in the primary care setting are uniquely placed to support patients to make the necessary changes’. Nurses need to have an understanding of the patients multiple needs and to collaborate with other members of the health team to discuss personalized holistic care issues. Chrystalleni and Christiana (2010) have recognised that â€Å"the aetiology of obesity is multi-factorial, and dietary factors that relate or are responsible for the development of obesity are complex and still not understood†. As they define development of obesity to not be understood I feel this is a large limitation and therefore requires constant comparison of current techniques used in managing obesity along with any current evidence that has arisen through trustworthy practice research. In conclusion, the role of a nurse in managing an obese patient should involve discussing the weight issues and the severity on the patient’s health. As supported by Green et al (2000) this will enable the nurse to gain insight into the magnitude of the problem and to negotiate realistic goals in terms of weight loss and to support and provide dietary advice which is acceptable for the individual. Nurses should consider each patient holistically and use appropriate language in order to encourage and not offend. As encouraged by the national obesity forum patient selection should be active rather than passive, with opportunistic screening rather than reliance exclusively on self-referral.

The Effects of the Black Plage Essay Example For Students

The Effects of the Black Plage Essay Plague, was a term that was applied in the Middle Ages to all fatal epidemic diseases,but now it is only applied to an acute, infectious, contagious disease of rodents and humans,caused by a short, thin, gram-negative bacillus. In humans, plague occurs in three forms:bubonic plague, pneumonic plague, and septicemic plague. The best known form is the bubonicplague and it is named after buboes, or enlarged, inflamed lymph nodes, which arecharacteristics of the plague in the groin or neck or armpit. Bubonic plague can only betransmitted by the bite of any of numerous insects that are normally parasitic on rodents and thatseek new hosts when the original host dies. If the plague is left untreated it is fatal in thirty toseventy five percent of all cases. Mortality in treated cases is only five to ten percent. We will write a custom essay on The Effects of the Black Plage specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The origin of the bubonic plague is unknown but it may have started in Africa or India. Colonies of infected rats were established in Northern India, many years ago. Some of theserodents had infected traders on the route between the Middle East and China. After 1330 theplague had invaded China. From China it was transferred westward by traders and Mongolarmies in the 14th century. While these traders were travelling westward they followed a morenortherly route through the grasslands of what is now Russia, thus establishing a vast infectedIn 1346 the disease reached Crimea and found its way to Europe in 1347. Theoutbreak in Europe was a devastating one, which resulted in more than 25 million deaths-abouttwenty five percent of the continents whole population. After that the plague reappearedirregularly in many European cities until the early 18th century, when it suddenly stopped there. No explanation has ever been given for the plagues rapid disappearance. The first symptoms of the bubonic plague are headache, vomiting, nausea, aching jointsand a feeling of ill health. The lymph nodes of the groin or of the armpit or neck suddenly start tobecome swollen and painful. The pulse and respiration rate of a bubonic plague victim isincreased, and the victim will become listless and exhausted. The buboes will swell until they areapproximately the size of a chicken egg. If a case is nonfatal than the temperature will begin tofall in about five days, and approaches normal in about two weeks, but in fatal cases death willYersinia Pestis, an infectious agent is the cause of the Bubonic Plague. Yersina Pestis isa bacteria, which means the cells lack the internal organization of eukaryotic cells. Thesebacteria cells would contain the membrane but they would not be able to subdivide the inside ofthe cell. These bacteria cells do not have a nucleus so instead they have a nucleiod that containsgenetic material. The two types of bacteria cells are gram- negative and gram-positive. YersinaPestis is gram negative and that means that antibiotics are less effective on the plague because ofa lipopolysaccharide layer over their walls that adds extra protection. The bubonic plague has a major impact on the lymphatic system. The lymphatic systemis made up of lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, lymphoid organs and circulating lymphocytes. Plague victims tend to have large bumps on their bodies which are called buboes. These areactually swollen lymph nodes filled with puss. The spread of the infection causes the lymphThe lymph nodes are heavily concentrated in the neck, armpits, and groin. When aperson becomes ill these areas will begin to swell because the body needs to make a vastamount of white blood cells to fight off whatever pathogen has entered the body. .uf91fe44df78e37f1937b78158d15576c , .uf91fe44df78e37f1937b78158d15576c .postImageUrl , .uf91fe44df78e37f1937b78158d15576c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf91fe44df78e37f1937b78158d15576c , .uf91fe44df78e37f1937b78158d15576c:hover , .uf91fe44df78e37f1937b78158d15576c:visited , .uf91fe44df78e37f1937b78158d15576c:active { border:0!important; } .uf91fe44df78e37f1937b78158d15576c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf91fe44df78e37f1937b78158d15576c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf91fe44df78e37f1937b78158d15576c:active , .uf91fe44df78e37f1937b78158d15576c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf91fe44df78e37f1937b78158d15576c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf91fe44df78e37f1937b78158d15576c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf91fe44df78e37f1937b78158d15576c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf91fe44df78e37f1937b78158d15576c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf91fe44df78e37f1937b78158d15576c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf91fe44df78e37f1937b78158d15576c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf91fe44df78e37f1937b78158d15576c .uf91fe44df78e37f1937b78158d15576c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf91fe44df78e37f1937b78158d15576c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Computers Not the greatest invention of the 20 th EssayTo make all parts of the body function properly the electron transport chain is needed. Yersina pestis releases a toxin into the body that obstructs this function from occurring. Many preventive measures can be used to reduce the spread of the plague (sanitation,killing of rats, prevention in transport of rats). Individuals who contract the disease are isolated,fed fluids and put to bed. During World War II, scientists using sulfa drugs were able toSince it is a bacteria, the bubonic plague can be treated with antibiotics. Tetracyline,Streptomycin, and Chloramphenicol are three of the antibiotics used to prevent plague. Sometimes, they are even mixed together to form an antibiotic cocktail. The plague can almostalways be cured when it is recognized fast enough. Since the late 19th century bubonic plague vaccinations have been in use. There is avaccine that can be taken in a six to month installment period, but there is a element of risk tothis vaccination. This vaccination has been proven to be ineffective with people younger thaneighteen and older than sixty. The side effects of this vaccination can sometimes result in deathand therefore it is not a good idea to use it. During the Middle Ages, people did not have a clue as to why the plague was spreadingso quickly. But now we know that the bubonic plague is spread by fleas. YersinaPestis(bacteria) moves its way up to the upper digestive tract of the flea where it breeds andmultiplies. The flea must find a new host and when it does the flea drinks its blood andregurgitates the bacteria into the host. This also infects the host. Therefore, the plague can bespread by any rodent or animal who could get fleas. As soon as the bacteria is regurgitated into the new host, it begins to multiply inlymphatic system and the blood stream. The bacteria attacks the whole body at once bytravelling to the spleen, liver, brain, lungs and kidneys. How was the plague transmitted into England? There is much controversy concerningthe exact method by which the plague arrived in England. But it is certain that it arrived via theports, carried on merchant and Naval ships. However, were the infected fleas carried by therats in the grain or bales of cloth and cotton, or on the backs of the crew, passengers orreturning soldiers? Furthermore, how did the disease spread from the ports to the town andcountry? Via wild rodents in the countryside, by the rats and fleas in transported freight, or byAlthough the evidence is mixed and debatable, it is suggested they all played a role. There is evidence to support that plague was caught from baggage and bales of clothes andcloth, as in Eyam in Derbyshire in 1665. There is also existing evidence that human transmissionis solely responsible. The spread of the plague across the country was far too rapid to beaccounted for by wild rodents in the countryside, and it is human transport which explains itsmovement along the major trade routes, usually by ship(British port to port), or on main roadsand navigable rivers. Nevertheless, it is reasonable to assume that rodent transmission played apart in local village to village contamination. The bubonic plague struck England in 1665. Since, the occurrence of the plague was sounexpected only 14th century preventive measures could be taken. The homeless people werethe first to feel the great effects of the plague. They did not have any money and so when theplague struck them they were basically in a hopeless situation. Even the top physicians wereaffected by the bubonic plague. Many doctors had to take care of the plague victims andbecause the plague was contagious, the doctors also caught it. The disease spread rapidlyTo try to prevent the outbreak of the plague the people began to burn fires in the streetsto keep the air clean. Fires were also struck in sickrooms to destroy the clothing of deceasedvictims. They were also killing cats and dogs, because they were believed to be the cause ofMost doctors, during the outbreak of the plague were afraid to visit the patients becausethey did not want to risk the chance of themselves becoming infected by the disease. Manydoctors fled the medical houses, while others were accused of killing their patients for money, orcharging outrageous fees. The doctors believed that these accusations were based onThe doctors also thought it was the rats tail which were the cause of the plague but theystill did not have solid preventive measures. The doctors even suggested that standing over thelatrine with an empty stomach and smelling it for hours was a good remedy to cure the plague. Bibliography:

Similarities Between The Two Political Parties †Political Science Essay

Similarities Between The Two Political Parties – Political Science Essay Free Online Research Papers Similarities Between The Two Political Parties Political Science Essay The way our nation mourned the death of Ronald Reagan has not been seen since Kennedy’s untimely death. The number of people which paid their respects was astonishing and unforeseen. When we reflect on Reagan’s time in office, one word comes to mind. That word is â€Å"conviction†. It does not matter to us today if we agreed with Reagan’s policies. What mattered was he was the last president that stood for something. This is what we remember and respect. Since his tenure, we have had a president that wanted Americans to read his lips not his actions. Then he lost to a man which won the election with less than fifty percent of the vote and four years later, the man was re-elected with less than fifty percent. Then there was the 2000 election. Most people saw Florida as a fiasco, but the real fiasco was the candidates themselves. We had a compassionate conservative running against a moderate liberal, and their shared indecisiveness made Florida and the general election a fiasco. The Democrats and the Republicans presented candidates to entice moderates and the outcome was indecisive voting. Americans do not want to admit it, but mos t of us are moderate. People lean to the left on some issues and to the right on other issues. Any excessive opinions are usually rhetoric that is used to get attention. Even though Democrats and Republicans have many differences, they do not act their differences for fear of alienating voters resulting in indistinguishable candidates and a low voter turnout. There are vast differences between Democrats and Republicans in ideology, but they both lack confidence to act. In the article, â€Å"Public Participation and the Erosion of Democracy† Ralph Nader writes, â€Å" In eight years under Clinton/Gore, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration didn’t issue one chemical toxin control standard†¦.They gave a free ride to the nuclear industry, including not proposing any fuel efficiency standards improvements in eight years† (Public). The lack of toxin control, a free ride to the nuclear industry, and no fuel standards are what a Republican would do. The Democratic platform is pro-environment and pro-labor, but Clinton did not have the fortitude to enforce his party’s platform. The possibility of alienating a section of the voting public fueled his reluctance. In an interview with Steve Kopp, a reporter for The Plain Dealer’s Washington Bureau, he talks about tort reform and how Republicans in th e House got a bill on tort reform passed. Unfortunately, the Senate Republicans will not push this bill instead they have their own bill that has a lot of extras tacked on giving it no chance of passing. They do not want to upset any of their colleagues in the private sector which might be able to sue McDonalds when people spill coffee on their lap. Tort reform laws have been a major issue for the Republican Party; in addition, labor and the environment issues has been the same for Democrats, but their lack of action is a self-preserving tactic for re-election. In an attempt to expand their electorate, candidates modify their positions. Merill J. Adams writes, â€Å"As the Democratic candidate moves in the positive direction (to the right), he draws support away from the Republican candidate in the region near the midpoint between the two candidates† (Journal).This approach is used on both sides to centralize a candidate. According to Martin P. Wattenberg’s findings in his book The Decline of American Political Parties, from 1952- 1980, â€Å"The proportion of voters reporting that hey have voted for different parties in presidential elections has risen from 29 to 57 percent† (20). This strategy works, but the title of his book hints at the result. Wattenberg writes, â€Å"The growth in proportion of the ‘no preference’ response can be most plausibly interpreted as another indication of the declining salience of political parties in the American political process†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Decline 49). When a candidat e centralizes his or her views, he or she loses distinction. Consequentially, voters are left with candidates with no conviction towards any issue, and voters have less enthusiasm for voting. Because candidates are indecisive in their political idealism, the outcome is a lower voter turnout. In his book, Where Have All the Voters Gone? Wattenberg writes, â€Å"The psychological approach has further identified the problem to be primarily one of a lack of motivation to vote, particularly stemming from party decline† (67). When political incumbents and challengers centralize their message, potential voters see this as voting for the lesser of two evils. Our recent presidential elections show that the candidates’ indecisiveness was reflected on the election results. When Bob Dole spoke at the 1996 Republican convention, he only mentioned his party twice, he did not mention the Democrats, and he made only a slight reference to his career as a Republican Senator. When Bill Clinton spoke at the Democrat’s convention, he used a similar strategy (Decline 221). Dole and Clinton down-played their party affiliations to further their centralized message, and as a result, a low turnout and minority vote won the election for Clinton. The first two presidential elections in 1960 had a turnout percentage of 62.4 percent; conversely, the two most recent elections had a turnout of 50.1 percent (Where 28). Wattenberg gathered the voter turnout data from the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, and it illustrates the percentage of people that actually want to vote has declined. There is evidence to support that a low voter turnout can be linked to how hard it is to vote. Wattenberg writes, â€Å"It is reasonable, I believe, to infer that if voting is difficult for some of those who manage to vote that others must be discouraged from casting a ballot due to the complexity of the task† (Where 142). Regardless of the candidate’s message there is still stanch partisanship, and it is the driving force behind our democratic process. To deny it would be futile. From an article in the New York Times, John Tierney writes, â€Å"As moderates have become an endangered species in Congress and in state legislatures, the parties’ ideological divisions have deepened, and voters have realigned in response† (4.11) Those of us from working class families remember our parents view on political parties, and they were always distinctive. During the 1970’s, the general consensus was that Republicans were for the rich, and Democrats were for eve rybody else. This view has not changed a great deal, and party leaders are wise to these ideals. The tendency to be indecisive has taken a turn recently, and partisan attitudes have increased. It is an election year, so members of Congress need to strengthen their allegiance to their parties in order to maintain their campaign support. Steve Kopp says, â€Å"Most members of congress are moderates [but] there is no bipartisanship today†. Although he believes the majority in Congress is moderate, he acknowledges they have drawn proverbial lines in the sand to insure their position. John Tierney explains Congressional strategy he writes, â€Å"The only threat to incumbents comes from within the party, forcing them to appeal to partisan voters who dominate primaries† (4.11). They need to show their loyalty to insure campaign support in primary elections. The major issues of the day like the Iraq war have polarized the nation and its leaders. As a result, this upcoming elec tion will be a decision on decisive ideals and issues more than the recent past, but what will the winner of this election actually do? The two major parties in American politics have distinct differences, yet they do not decisively employ their diversity for significant change. They would rather use a self-preserving approach, or try to appeal to the broadest range of the electorate. The effect is they become impossible to differentiate, which has a negative consequence. The decline of voter turnout in recent times is the result of similar candidates representing each party. People have been voting for the lesser of two evils until this election year, and the promise of diversity between the candidates is a positive step. It is about time we have something we can truly stand behind or completely oppose. Those of us that promote voting and see it as a civic duty finally have solid issues that they can use to entice the voting public. All we need now is a leader that will follow up on the ideals that wins the election. Someone that stands up for his or her beliefs, bravely conveys those beliefs, and calls out adversity. Imagine going to vote without it feeling like a burden of some kind, but a chance to really feel like you are making a difference instead of an agonizing status quo. Work Cited Adams, J. Merill. â€Å"Voter Turnout and Candidate Strategies in American Elections.† Journal of Politics 65.1 (2003) Kopp, Steve. Telephone interview. 7 July 2004 Nader, Ralph. â€Å"Public Participation and the Erosion of Democracy.† Humanist 64.1 (2004) 20-25 Tierney, John. â€Å"A Nation Divided? Who Says?† New York Times 13 June 2004, late ed.:4.11 Wattenberg, Martin P. The Decline of American Political Parties, 1952-1996. Cambridge: Harvard United Press, 1999 Where Have All The Voters Gone. Cambridge: Harvard United Press, 2002 Research Papers on Similarities Between The Two Political Parties - Political Science EssayQuebec and CanadaMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New Employees19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraPETSTEL analysis of IndiaNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceCapital PunishmentTwilight of the UAWAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Bringing Democracy to AfricaThe Effects of Illegal Immigration

Marketing Communication Plan for Green and Black Organic Essay

Marketing Communication Plan for Green and Black Organic - Essay Example The intention of this study is Green and Black organic as basically a premium priced chocolate manufacturing company founded in 1991 in United Kingdom by a couple named: Craig Sams and Josephine Fairley. The name of the brand Green and Black Organic is very meaningful. The Green in the brand name represents the organic quality of the brand and Black represents the dark chocolate which is basically the specialty and core product of the brand. The brand expanded and added Maya Gold to its product range in the year 1994 when the two founders of the Green and Black Organic met up with some Mayan smallholder farmers who planted cocoa trees and agreed to buy at a fair price. These cocoa beans were used to create the traditional flavor of Mayan chocolate drink. Green and Black Organic earned the UK’s first Fair-trade mark as a result of Maya Gold. In the year 2005, Green and Black Organic was bought by Cadbury Plc. Kraft foods finally got hold of the company in the year 2010. The com petition of the Green and Black Organic includes; Toblerone, Lindt and Thorntons. Green and Black Organic has asked the A team agency to come up with a Marketing Communication Plan to help it to not only sustain its market share but also work to increase it. The marketing plan will aim to create increased awareness about the brand so that consumers do not mind paying the extra pound. The A team agency has been provided with a budget of 750,000 pounds to develop a marketing plan for Green and Black Organic.... This paper will focus on marketing communication strategies, objectives and finally the plan proposed for Green and Black organic chocolate that aims to convert dark into rainbow. This proposal is prepared to be presented before an agency by Green and Black organic for illustrating their communication strategies they are thinking to opt. Company’s Brief- Green and Black Organic Green and black organic is now owned by Cadbury, which has 30% of the total market share in London. The company was initially carrying out its operations individually, but later it came under the control of Cadbury. SWOT analysis: In order to assess the current and past performance of the company, SWOT analysis was carried out for the purpose of analyzing strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Strength Following are the factors that made Green and Black organic a successful company in confectionary industry. Manufacturing chocolates from organic food. Dark chocolates prepared from 70% of coco a beans. Operating under the name of Cadbury. Regarded as first manufacturers of chocolate from organic substance. Employment of good marketing activities as compared to those conducted by small brands. Weaknesses Following are the weaknesses of Green and Black organic Most of the people do not prefer eating dark chocolates so this can result in reduction in sales volume. The size of the company is too small and so, it cannot extend its operation in areas outside the borders of London. As the name of the company does not specify anything related to chocolate, so people can misunderstand the name green and black organic. Opportunities Green and black can earn huge revenues if it focuses and avail following opportunities Manufacturing of chocolate butters and chocolate

Optical parameter Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Optical parameter - Research Paper Example This vital optics simplification does not account for the effects of optics like interference and diffraction. This paper seeks to explore the characteristics of different optical parameters. The first optical parameter is known as reflection. Different surfaces like those of mirrors reflect light in a predictable, easy way. This gives room for the production of images that are reflected which can be linked to real or virtual space location (Erik, 2004). In surfaces of this kind, the direction of the ray that is reflected is dependent to the ray that is incident to the normal surface and a line perpendicular towards the surface at exactly the same position that is hit by the ray (Francos, 2002). The reflected, and the incident ray lie in a same plane, and the angle of incidence is the same as the angle of reflection. This is referred as the reflection laws. Diagram 1 represents the incident and the reflected ray. Diagram 1. In a mirror that is flat, the reflection law means that the object’s images are upright and at an equal distance behind the given mirror (Francos, 2002). The size of the image is equal to that of an object. Apart from this, the images of mirrors would be laterally inverted. The mirrors having surfaces that are curved could be modeled through tracing of the ray and the use of the reflection law at all the points on the surface. Different surfaces that are curved could focus the light having aberrations because of the shape that is diverging leading to a smeared focus in the space (Hanrahan and Krueger, 2008). For instance, mirrors that are spherical will display spherical aberrations. Mirrors that are curved produce images having a magnification either less than or greater than one. These images could be either inverted or upright. An image that is upright is considered to be virtual, and images that are inverted are real and projected on the screen. Refraction, on the other hand, happens whenever light moves through a special region w ith refraction index that is changing. One easy situation of refraction happens whenever a uniform medium with refractive index ?1 interface with another medium with a different refraction index ?2 (Duarte, 2009). In this respect, the deflection of the light ray is described by Snell’s law which is given by; ?1sin ?1=?2 sin ?2, where ?1 and ?2 are angles formed between the reflected and the incident ray and the normal. From the given definition of the refractive index, the speed of light would also be changing from one medium to another (Francos, 2002). This implies that v1 sin ?2= v2sin?1, where v1 and v2 are the velocities of the waves the different media. In this regard, as the rays of light travel from a material with a high refractive index to that having a low refractive index, the interface interaction could lead to a zero transmission. This is referred to as the internal reflection. Snell’s law could also be used in the prediction of the rays of light passing t hrough media that is linear whenever there exist a refraction index and the media geometry. Absorption is a manner in which photon energy is obtained by matter. During the propagation of a wave, absorption is referred to as attenuation (Francos, 2003). The waves of absorption do not rely on the linear absorption. In some cases, the medium may change its dependently transparency in respect to the wave intensity and saturated absorption (Duarte, 2009). The

Issues of Mineral Based Economies: Nigeria and Botswana

Issues of Mineral Based Economies: Nigeria and Botswana Why do Mineral-Based Developing Economies Face Economic Problems? The Case Study of Nigeria and Botswana 1. Introduction. Mineral-based economies have been defined as â€Å"those developing countries which generate at least 8 percent of their GDP and 40 percent of their export earnings from the mineral sector†. (Auty, 1993: p. 3). Two main categories of mineral-based economies have been identified. These include hydrocarbon producers and hard mineral exporters (producers of ores such as copper and tin). (Auty, 1993). Although one may reasonably expect developing mineral-based economies to witness tremendous economic development owing to their rich mineral resources, this has hardly been the case. According to Davis (1995: p. 1766) â€Å"mineral-based economies rather have development problems than development advantages†. In addition, Davis (1998) notes that economists and political scientists have recently proposed that mineral economies’ growth is below par, despite the mineral windfalls (rents) generated from mineral extraction. The mineral sector has even been classified as a ‘loser’ sector in the economic development race. (Shafer, 1994) cited by Davis (1998). Citing from a recent World Bank conference on mining and economic development, Davis (1995: p. 1765) states that several invited experts noted with concern the historical poor per capita economic growth of the mineral-exporting nations. In particular, participants from mineral-based developing economies were justly anxious about their fate. (Davis, 1995: p. 1765). In addition to fears of the â€Å"Dutch disease† and the â€Å"resource curse thesis† (explanations of these terms follow in subsequent sections), delegates were also concern about the appropriate policy response measures to these issues. (Davis, 1995). This paper aims at explaining why mineral-based developing economies rather face economic problems rather than economic development as one would expect. In meeting with this objective, the paper makes use of two case studies of mineral-based developing economies which include Nigeria (A hydrocarbon exporter) and Botswana (a hard mineral exporter). The rest of the paper is organized as follows: section two presents a literature review on why mineral-based economies rather face economic problems rather than economic development with particular emphasis on the Dutch Disease and the resource curse thesis; section 3 presents a discussion of the case studies making reference to their GDP growth, export revenue from mineral resources and per capita GDP; and section 4 presents some conclusions and recommendations. 2. Literature Review. Much of the literature has attributed underdevelopment of mineral-based developing economies to the Dutch disease. (Roemer, 1985) cited by Davis (1998) The Dutch disease is defined as a situation where an economy highly dependent on natural resources witnesses a decline in economic development as a result of a depletion of the natural resource or a sudden drop in the price of the resource. (Auty, 1993: p. 3). According to Davis (1995: p. 1768), the Dutch disease is a ‘morbid’ term that denotes the coexistence of booming and lagging sectors in an economy due to temporary or sustained increase in earnings. Mineral economies have been identified to generate an ideal environment for the disease given their notable minerals booming sector. (Davis, 1995). Mineral-based economies are characterized by a booming minerals sector at the expense of the manufacturing and agricultural sectors. (Davis, 1995). Ross (2003) suggests that mineral exports may cause economic volatility, inco me inequality, and crowding out of productivity growth in the manufacturing sector, which effects could increase poverty and reduce social welfare. Cordon and Neary (1982) cited in Auty (2001) explain the role of the Dutch disease on the deterioration of mineral-based economies using a three-sector model composed of a resource sector such as oil or other primary product exporting industry, a sector of tradeables, such as the manufacturing and agricultural sectors and non-tradeables. According to the model, a boom in the resource sector has three effects: a spending effect; a relative price effect and a resource movement effect. Looking at the spending effect, Auty (2001) suggests that the increased export revenues increases the demand for both tradables and non-tradables although spending on tradables fails to raise their domestic prices because prices in an open economy are determined in international markets. Consequently, any excess demand is met by imports. (Auty, 2001). Looking at the relative price effect, Auty (2001) suggests that failure to sterilize the increase in foreign exchange will result to an appreciation of the currency, which will in turn reduce the domestic prices of exports as well as those of imports competing with domestic products. In addition, a currency appreciation will lead to a reduction of the rents of the booming sector but may not be sufficient to reduce the sector’s output. (Auty, 2001). Domestic prices of non-tradables will rise with the rise in demand and these prices will neither be affected by the currency appreciation nor competitive imports. This will therefore result to an increase in the prices of non-tradables relative to the prices of tradables, as well as a reduction in exports and an increase in imports. (Auty, 2001). Macroeconomic theory suggests that the national income of a country is positively related to exports and negatively related to imports. The net increase in imports therefore leads to a reduction in the national income of the mineral-based State, which in turn hurts its economic development. Finally, as concerns the resource movement effect, Auty (2001) suggests that the movement of resources between sectors will also affect capital accumulation. Assuming a relatively labour-intensive non-tradable sector and a capital-intensive tradable sector, the movement in favour of the non-tradable sector will tend to raise wages and lower returns to capital thereby reducing capital accumulation. (Auty, 2001). In addition, assuming manufacturing is favourable to growth and that mineral resource booms cause it to decline, the mineral-based economy could experience slower long-term growth than the case would be if it had no mineral resources. (Auty, 2001). To support this view, Auty (2001) cites a number of studies that argue in favour of the fact that mineral resource booms tend to limit the growth of developing mineral based economies. For example, Matsuyama (1993It has also been sugges ted that mineral windfall facilitate irresponsible fiscal and trade policies. (e.g., Gelb, 1988; Ranis, 1991; Ranis and Mahmood, 1992) cited by Davis (1988). The issue as to why mineral-based economies remain underdeveloped is somehow controversial. (Auty, 2001). On the one hand, Mainstream economists have argued that primary commodity exports are the only way that countries in the early stages of development can generate the foreign exchange necessary to pay for essential imports and to service foreign debt. (Auty, 2001). On the other hand, Structurist economists (e.g., Presbish, 1950) cited by Auty (2001) argued that a long-run decline in prices for primary exports is an inevitable result of the increasing use of synthetics, shrinking raw material content of finished products and low elasticity of demand for raw materials. In addition Auty (2001) argues that oligopolistic markets in developed countries indicated that productivities increases there were captured in the form of higher income by workers and owners, while in the developing countries productivity gains were passed on to (northern) consumers in the form of lower prices. What the structurists economists are saying in effect is that mineral-rich developing countries because they lack the capacity to transform their raw materials into finished products often supply these products to developed or industrialized countries at very low prices. Industrialised countries in turn transform these raw materials into finished products and sell them to developing countries at very high prices, which do not match the prices for which they supplied their raw materials. By so doing mineral-rich developing countries continue to face declining levels of economic developing at the expense of developed countries. This idea is consistent with dependency theory[1]. For example, Presbish (1950) cited by Auty (2001) projected a downward trend in the terms of trade for primary products in relation to manufactured goods imported by developing countries from developed countries. In addition, Abubakar (1989: p. 19) describes Africa as a continent locked in an unequal exchange with t he developed world. Being perhaps the richest continent in the world, Africa has been transformed into undeniably the poorest continent. The following is a quote from Julius Nyerere, a prominent leader in Africa: â€Å"Every morning I listen to the B.B.C. to learn the price of the cotton and coffee with which Tanzania earns its foreign exchange. The prices of tractors and other goods we need to buy are not announced; they are fixed by the manufacturers in the Developed World, and we learn what they are when we go to buy†. (Abubakar, 1989: p. 19) quoting Julius Nyerere. 3. Case Studies of Nigeria and Botswana 3.1 Nigeria Nigeria falls in the first category of mineral-based economies identified by Auty (1993) as hydrocarbon producers. Minerals constitute 62.3% of the country’s merchandise exports and 9.6% of GDP and its mineral dependence index is 36 (the mineral dependence index is defined as the mean percentage contribution of minerals to GDP, merchandise exports, and government revenues). (Davis, 1995) citing Kuburshi (1984); United Nations (1974, 1976, 1987, 1993a, 1993c); World Bank (1993). Nigeria’s mineral dependence index of 36 indicates that it is highly dependent on minerals. This is following from Auty (1993) who considers a mineral dependence index of 20% or more to indicate mineral dependence. Nigeria was ranked 19th among developing countries that depended on minerals in 1970. This was based on the ranking of countries according to mineral dependence index in 1970. Based on 1991 rankings, Nigeria still maintained the 19th position and its minerals as a percentage of merchan dise exports had increased to 86.0 percent, minerals as a percentage of GDP stood at 7.6 percent and its mineral dependence index was 46.8 percent. (Davis, 1995). According to Eifert et al. (2002) oil represents an estimated 37 percent of GDP in Nigeria, and 63 percent of consolidated government revenues. The political economy of Nigeria has had an important role to play on how oil resources are managed in Nigeria. The public sector is the principal controller of these resources, which has fuelled the functioning of an extensive machinery of rent seeking a political patronage. (Eifert et al., 2002). Nigeria is characterised by a fragile ‘political coalition’ of diverse ethnic and religious groups with diverse interests. Eifert et al. (2002) asserts that public expenditures in Nigeria are always ratcheted out of control during oil booms, leading to macroeconomic instability owing to the diverse number of ethnic and religious interests that characterise the country. For e xample Eifert et al. (2002) suggest that an estimated amount of $300billion constituting oil revenues has enriched a small group politically and socially influential elite during the last 2 to 3 decades at the expense of the majority of Nigerians who have become impoverished. This indicates that Nigeria has failed to benefit from a general economic welfare from its oil boom because of the selfish desires of a small political influential minority. This situation is consistent with Gelb (1988); Ranis (1991); Ranis and Mahmood (1992) cited by Davis (1998) who attribute poor economic development of mineral-based developing economies to mineral windfalls’ facilitation of irresponsible fiscal and trade policies. Nigeria’s case is also consistent with Karl (1997); Mahon (1992); and Shafer (1994) cited by Davis (1998) who attribute mineral-based economies’ failure to achieve substantial economic development to the entrenched socio-political rigidity and rent-seeking ass ociated with an extended period of mineral extraction. According to Eifert et al. (2002) Nigeria’s economic growth has been stagnant and it is estimated that its per capita income has fallen from approximately $800 in the early 1980s to approximately $300 as at 2002. Nigeria’s failure to grow can be attributed to its government structure. Throughout the military regime described by Eifert et al. (2002) as a period of military dictatorship, the manner in which the oil cycle was managed was solely determined by the federal executive. Government spending was so high that in 1976 it accounted for more than the entire increase in oil revenue. (Eifert et al., 2002). Nigeria therefore faced rising fiscal and current account deficits following a failure of the 1975 oil price rise to bring the budget back into a surplus. By 1981, Nigeria had accumulated huge amounts of external debt, accompanied by capital flight. (Eifert et al., 2002). Increase government spending therefore fa iled to accelerate growth and there was little evidence of an increase in overall welfare that would have been expected during the sharp real appreciation that followed the spending binge. (Eifert et al., 2002). Eifert et al. (2002) attribute Nigeria’s failure to develop to the fact that its potential gains were rather absorbed in the sharply growing inefficiency of a corrupt and progressively more wasteful and distorted economy. Nigeria has made some efforts to adopt a democratic State but Eifert et al. (2002) conclude that the outcomes in the management of Nigeria’s oil cycle in the new democracy are thus so far not very different from the past pattern. This indicates that Political institutions in Nigeria are therefore shaped by a longer history than the current political regime. There is still an excessive an unsustainable increase in public expenditure, with considerable macroeconomic instability, and little to show in the growth and economic development. (Eifert, 2002). 3.2 Botswana. Botswana was ranked 35th in the mineral dependence index for developing countries in 1970. It had 0 percent for minerals as a percentage of merchandise exports, 19.6 percent for minerals as a percentage of GDP and 9.8 for mineral dependence index. (Davis, 1995). Following the ranking based on the minerals dependence index for developing economies in 1991, Botswana was ranked 8th with an 83.0 percent of minerals as a percentage of merchandise exports. Its minerals as a percentage of GDP had also increased to 41 percent and its mineral dependence index was 62.0. (Davis, 1995). Unlike Nigeria, Botswana falls in the second category of mineral-based economies with diamond, copper, nickel and coal constituting the principal hard minerals that it exported. (Curry, 1985). According to Curry (1985), Botswana, unlike other mineral-based economies in Africa that suffer from economic stagnation and political turmoil, Botswana has recorded an economic growth and political stability as a result of its fortuitous endowment of mineral wealth and sound macroeconomic management. Despite this development, Curry (1985) suggests that this growth strategy has produced underdevelopment and economic stagnation in rural agriculture, as well as increasing economic dependency on the republic of South Africa. Increases in mineral revenue has enriched the elite who have joined white farming families as the country’s large scale cattle owners, purchasing land and cattle from savings of relatively high salaries in the mining and public sectors. This situation has created two factions in Botswana. One rich and the other poor and there is an emerging clash between the rich and the poor that could destabilise and threaten an African success story as described by Curry (1985). In effect, mineral revenue in Botswana while it has helped to fuel economic development is threatening the growth of the agricultural sector and has also helped to widen the gap between the rich and the poor. Botswa na’s case is consistent with the Dutch disease which is consistent with the idea that a boom in one sector threatens a recession of other important sectors of the economy. The boom in the mineral sector has helped to fuel a recession in the agricultural sector in Botswana. 4. Conclusions and Recommendations This paper aimed at studying why mineral-based developing economies have witnessed more of economic problems than economic development. Nigeria’s case indicates that the country has suffered from autocratic and fractional democracies that have resulted to a poor management of the revenues from oil booms. As a consequence, mineral revenue has been spent without any fiscal discipline. This has led to the satisfaction of the desires of an influential minority at the expense of the welfare of the greater majority. Nigeria has basically not witnessed any economic development throughout boom in its oil sector. On its part, Botswana has witnessed growth and development as a result of its mineral resources. However, the boom in the mineral sector is hurting the agricultural sector and the situation has only benefited the rich who are using the mineral revenue to take over all land in Botswana for cattle rearing. Like Nigeria, Botswana’s mineral revenue has to some extent benefi t an influential minority. Based on the above, this paper recommends a more democratic regimes in mineral-based economies as well as an emphasis of the importance of all sectors in the economy. Governments in developing countries need to understand the importance of the manufacturing industry. Nigeria for example should be more concern about building its own oil refineries so as to boost its manufacturing industries. In Botswana, the government should implement high taxes on the rich elite so as to help redistribute the mineral income to the poor. Subsidies should be provided to the poor farmers. By so doing, there can be an equitable distribution of land, which will in turn boost the agricultural sector. Bibliography Abubakar A. (1989). Africa and the Challenge of Development: Acquiescence and Dependency Versus Freedom and Development. Praeger Publishers. New York. Auty R. M. (2001). Sustaining Development in Mineral Economies: The Resource Curse Thesis. Routledge. Auty R. M. (2001). The Underperformance of resource-abundant economies. Resource Abundance and Economic Development. Edited by R.M Auty. UNU/WIDER studies in Development Economics. Oxford. Curry R. L (1985). Mineral-based growth and development-generated socioeconomic problems in Botswana: Rural Inequality, Water scarcity, food insecurity, and foreign dependence challenge governing class. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 319-336. Davis G. A. (1998). The minerals sector, sectoral analysis, and economic development. Resource Policy, vol. 24, No. 4, pp 217-228. Davis G. A. (1995). Learning to Love the Dutch Disease: Evidence from the Mineral Economies. World Development, vol. 23, No. 10, pp. 1765-1779. Eifert B., Gelb A., Tallroth N. B. (2002). The Political Economy of Fiscal Policy and Economic Management in Oil-Exporting Countries. Policy Research Working Paper, No. 2899. The World Bank, Africa Regional Office. Lievesley G. (2003).DependencyThe Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics. Ed. Iain McLean and Alistair McMillan. Oxford University Press, Oxford Reference Online. Tà ©treaul M. A., Abel C. F. (1986). Dependency Theory And The Return Of High Politics. Greenwood Press. New York. Footnotes [1] Dependency theory built upon the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) which characterized the world as divided into centre (the developed, inudstrialised North) and periphery (the underdeveloped agricultural South). (Tà ©treaul and Abel, 1986; Lievesley, 2003). Dependency theory tries to explain the external mechanisms of control exerted by the centre on the periphery. The centre maintained the periphery in a state of underdevelopment for purposes of super exploitation. (Tà ©treaul and Abel, 1986; Lievesley, 2003). Dependency theory therefore indicates that underdevelopment was not an original or inherent condition, it could rather be explained by the historical relationship between the developed and developing world.